Modal

Modals are a variant of dialog used to present critical information or request user input needed to complete a user’s workflow. Modals interrupt a user’s workflow by design. When active, a user is blocked from the on-page content and cannot return to their previous workflow until the modal task is completed or the user dismisses the modal. While effective when used correctly, modals should be used sparingly to limit disruption to the user.

Modal dialogs are commonly used for short and non-frequent tasks, such as editing or management tasks. If a user needs to repeatably preform a task, consider making the task do-able from the main page.

Use a dialog to request information that is preventing the system from continuing a user-initiated process.

Use a modal dialog to notify the user of urgent information concerning their current work. Modal dialogs are commonly used to report system errors or convey a consequence of a user’s action.

Use a modal dialog to confirm user decisions. Clearly describe the action being confirmed and explain any potential consequences that it may cause. Both the title and the button should reflect the action that will occur. If the action is destructive or irreversible then use a transactional danger modal.

The modal is composed of three distinct zones: A header, the body, and a footer. Components (eg. data table, form, progress indicator) can occupy the full width of the modal.

There are four responsive modal sizes: extra small, small, medium, and large. Choose a size that works best for the amount of modal content you have. Modals with short messages should use a extra small or small modal to avoid long single lines; for complex components, like data table the default or large modal will be more accommodating.

Each modal size has a max height in order to maintain a proper window ratio. If your modal has too much scrolling due to a max height consider using the next modal size up. If the large modal height is still not enough space then this is an indicator that a full page may be needed instead.

In the modal, at larger breakpoints, body copy, including titles, have a 20% margin-right. However, form inputs and other components expand the entire width of a modal window.

Certain components, such as a structure list or table, can expand into the margins of the modal and align flush to the container edges. These components typically have border dividers or containers extending beyond the text or icon. Labels or text of any kind should never be in the modal margins.

When the modal content is longer than the modal height then the body section should scroll vertically with the header and footer remaining fixed in place. The content should visibly fade at the end of the modal body area to indicate there is additional content out of view.

Modal content should never scroll horizontally; instead, use a larger size modal.

For short, direct messages the title can include the whole message to add visual clarity to an otherwise repetitive title and body message. When using this style, no other body copy may be included.

For further content guidance, see Carbon’s content guidelines.

Modals are triggered as a result of a user’s action and are not system generated. Common components that can trigger a modal include, button, link, or icon. On a keyboard, selecting

Enter

Space

Once the modal is open, set the initial focus to the first location that accepts user input. For example, if the modal contains a form then the focus should automatically be set to the first field when opened. If it is a transactional modal without form inputs in the body section then the first focus should be on the primary button.

Focus should then remain trapped in the dialog until it is closed. When navigating by keyboard,

Tab

Shift-Tab

The task completion action should take place immediately. If a longer loading period is needed then a loading spinner and overlay should appear on top of the modal body area with content disabled. The primary action button should be disabled while loading is in progress.

If a quick loading period is needed then use a inline loading behavior on the primary button to indicate the data is being processed.

Validate a user’s entries before the modal is closed. If any entry is invalid then the modal should remain open with the entry marked in an error state and include an inline error message. The message should inform the user what has happened and provide guidance on next steps or possible resolutions. Effective and immediate error messaging can help the user to understand the problem and how to fix it.

When possible, we recommend validating the user’s data before submission. This kind of inline validation (aka client-side validation) should happen as soon as the field loses focus. This will help easily identify the elements that need to be corrected. On field error messages should disappear when the form criteria is met. If the data was not able to be submitted due to server-side issues then an inline notification should appear.

Passive modals presents information the user needs to be aware of concerning their current workflow. It contains no actions for the user to take and should not include any data that needs to be submitted. They serve as a type of notification alerting the user to urgent information such as reporting system errors or conveying a consequence of a user’s action.

Passive modals are persistent until dismissed in one of the following ways.

Transactional modals are used to validate user decisions or to gain secondary confirmation from the user. Transactional modals require an action to be taken in order for the modal to be completed and closed. It contains a cancel and primary action buttons.

Transactional modals are persistent until dismissed in one of the following ways.

When using two buttons, the secondary button is on the left and the primary button is placed on the right. Each button spans 50% of the dialog and are full bleed to the edge.

In the rare case where three buttons are needed, each is 25% of the dialog width and aligned to the right side of the modal. Only the outmost right button is allowed to be a primary button with the other two being secondary buttons. If all three actions have the same weight then all three should be secondary buttons.

Danger modal is a specific kind of transactional modal used for destructive or irreversible actions. In danger modal, the primary button is replaced by a danger button. They are commonly used in high impact moments as a confirmation for an action that would result in a significant data loss if done accidentally.

Acknowledgment modals are used when the system requires the user to acknowledge the presented information. It contains only a single button, commonly “OK”.  Acknowledgment is confirmed when the user clicks the primary button.

Acknowledgment modals are persistent until dismissed in one of the following ways.

Single buttons are placed on the right side, span 50% of the modal, and bleed to the edge. In most scenarios, a primary button is used when one button is needed.

For longer tasks, use a progress modal to give the user a sense of completion and orientation within the focused flow. For complex flows with complex choices, consider using a full page instead of a modal. A progress modal is not a solution for excess modal content. It should only be used to present information in more consumable and focused chunks.

Transactional modals are persistent until dismissed in one of the following ways.

There are three buttons in the progress modal footer: Cancel, Previous, Next. Each button’s width is 25% of the dialog window and are full bleed. Previous and Next are grouped together and placed on the right half of the dialog, with Previous as a secondary button and Next as a primary button. In the last step of the sequence, the Next button label should change to reflect the final action. The Cancel button is aligned to left side of the dialog and uses a ghost button.

Modal has a modification that takes on the AI visual styling when AI is present in the entire container. The AI variants of a modal function the same as the normal variants except for the addition of the AI label, which is both a visual indicator and the trigger for the explainability popover.

The AI presence in modal can appear in two ways: broadly, over the whole modal, or focused, just in certain parts of the modal. When the entire modal is styled for AI, it indicates to the user that AI is present in all aspects of the modal. If only a limited amount of the modal content is generated by AI, then only those components should receive the AI presence styling, not the entire modal.

For more information on designing for AI, see the Carbon for AI guidelines.

Modals are highly disruptive and block tasks until dismissed by the user. A modal should only be used as a form of notification if it provides the user with critical information immediately related to their task. For non-critical messaging, consider using a toast or inline notification instead of a modal. Toast and inline notifications provide users with non-disruptive feedback or the status of an action without breaking their workflow.

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